1, Agaciro ka Hydroxyl: Garama 1 ya polyol ya polymer irimo hydroxyl (-OH) ingano ingana n'umubare wa miligarama za KOH, igipimo cya mgKOH/g.
2, Igipimo: uburemere mpuzandengo bwa molekile y'itsinda ry'imikorere.
3, Isocyanate irimo: Isocyanate irimo isocyanate iri muri molekile
4, Igipimo cya Isocyanate: kigaragaza urwego rw'uburemere bwa isocyanate muri formula ya polyurethane, ubusanzwe igaragazwa n'inyuguti ya R.
5. Umuyoboro w'uruhererekane: Bivuga alkoholi nkeya na amine zishobora kwagura, kwagura cyangwa gukora imiyoboro y'urusobe rw'uruhererekane ...
6. Igice gikomeye: Igice cy'umunyururu cyakozwe n'uburyo isocyanate, umunyururu wongera imbaraga na crosslinker ku munyururu mukuru wa molekile za polyurethane, kandi ayo matsinda afite ingufu nyinshi zo guhuza, ingano nini y'umwanya n'ubudahangarwa bwinshi.
7, Igice cyoroshye: umuyoboro mukuru wa karuboni karuboni polimeli polimeli, ubworoherane ni bwiza, mu muyoboro mukuru wa polyurethane ku gice cy'umuyoboro woroshye.
8, Uburyo bw'Intambwe imwe: buvuga polyol ya oligomer, diisocyanate, umuyoboro w'uruhererekane na katalyst bivanze icyarimwe nyuma yo guterwa mu ibumba, ku bushyuhe runaka bwo gukaraba.
9, Uburyo bwa Prepolymer: Uburyo bwa mbere bwa oligomer polyol na diisocyanate prepolymerization reaction, kugira ngo hakorwe NCO based polyurethane prepolymer, gusuka hanyuma prepolymer reaction hamwe na chain extender, gutegura polyurethane elastomer method, yitwa prepolymer method.
10, Uburyo bwa Semi-prepolymer: itandukaniro riri hagati y'uburyo bwa semi-prepolymer n'uburyo bwa prepolymer ni uko igice cya polyester polyol cyangwa polyether polyol cyongerwa kuri prepolymer mu buryo bw'uruvange rufite umuyoboro w'insinga, catalyst, nibindi.
11, Uburyo bwo gushushanya inshinge z'ingufu: Buzwi kandi nka Reaction Injection Moulding RIM (Reaction Injection Moulding), bupimwa na oligomer zifite uburemere buke bwa molekile mu buryo bw'amazi, zigahita zivangwa zigashyirwa mu ibumba icyarimwe, kandi uburyo bwo gusesengura bwihuse mu mwobo w'ibumba, uburemere bwa molekile bw'ibikoresho buriyongera vuba. Uburyo bwo gukora polymers nshya rwose zifite imiterere mishya y'amatsinda ku muvuduko mwinshi cyane.
12, Igipimo cy'ifuro: ni ukuvuga umubare w'ibice by'amazi bikoreshwa mu bice 100 bya polyether bisobanurwa nk'igipimo cy'ifuro (IF).
13, Uburyo bwo gusohora ifuro: muri rusange yerekeza ku buryo amazi na isocyanate bitera urea yasimbuwe kandi bigasohora CO2.
14, Uburyo bwo gukora Gel: muri rusange yerekeza ku ikorwa rya carbamate.
15, Igihe cya Gel: mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, ibikoresho by'amazi byo gukora gel byasabaga igihe.
16, Igihe cy'amata: ku mpera y'akarere ka mbere, ikintu cy'amata kigaragara mu mvange ya polyurethane y'amazi. Iki gihe cyitwa igihe cy'amata mu gukora ifuro rya polyurethane.
17, Igipimo cyo kwaguka k'umunyururu: yerekeza ku gipimo cy'ingano y'amatsinda ya amino na hydroxyl (igice: mo1) mu bice by'umunyururu (harimo n'umunyururu uvanze) ku gipimo cya NCO muri prepolymer, ni ukuvuga igipimo cy'umubare wa mole (umubare ungana) w'itsinda rya hydrogen rikora na NCO.
18, Polyether idahagije: ahanini igamije iterambere rya PTMG, igiciro cya PPG, kudahagije kwagabanutse kugera kuri 0.05mol/kg, hafi y'imikorere ya PTMG, hakoreshejwe DMC catalyst, ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibicuruzwa bya Bayer Acclaim.
19, Amoniya ester solvent yo mu rwego rwa Amoniya: gukora polyurethane solvent kugira ngo harebwe imbaraga zo gushonga, igipimo cyo guhindagurika kw'ibintu, ariko gukora polyurethane ikoreshwa muri solvent, bigomba kwibanda ku kwita ku NC0 nini muri polyurethane. Ibintu bishongesha nk'alcool na ether alcohols bikora hamwe n'amatsinda ya NCO ntibishobora gutoranywa. Ibyo bintu bishongesha ntibishobora kuba birimo imyanda nk'amazi na alcool, kandi ntibishobora kuba birimo ibintu bya alkali, bizatuma polyurethane yangirika.
Umusemburo wa ester ntiwemerewe kuba urimo amazi, kandi ntugomba kuba urimo aside na alcool byigenga, bizahura n'amatsinda ya NCO. Umusemburo wa ester ukoreshwa muri polyurethane ugomba kuba "umusemburo wa ammonia ester" ufite ubuziranenge bwinshi. Ni ukuvuga ko umusemburo uhura n'isocyanate irenze urugero, hanyuma ingano ya isocyanate itarafatwa igapimwa na dibutylamine kugira ngo harebwe niba ikwiriye gukoreshwa. Ihame ni uko ikoreshwa rya isocyanate ritakoreshwa, kuko bigaragaza ko amazi ari muri ester, alcool, aside 3 azakoresha agaciro kose ka isocyanate, niba umubare wa garama z'umusemburo ukenewe kugira ngo ukoreshe itsinda rya leqNCO ugaragajwe, agaciro kaba gahagaze neza.
Ingano ya Isocyanate iri munsi ya 2500 ntikoreshwa nk'umusemburo wa polyurethane.
Polarite y'umusemburo igira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo resin ikora. Uko polarite iba nini, ni ko uburyo resin ikora buhoro, nka toluene na methyl ethyl ketone, inshuro 24, ubwo buryo butuma molecule ya solvent iba nini, ishobora gukora umugozi wa hydrogen n'itsinda rya alcohol hydroxyl, bigatuma resin igenda buhoro.
Isosi ya ester ifite polichlorine ni byiza guhitamo ifumbire ihumura neza, umuvuduko wayo wihuta kurusha ester, ketone, nka xylene. Gukoresha ifumbire ya ester na ketone bishobora kongera igihe cyo gukora polyurethane ifite amashami abiri mu gihe cyo kubaka. Mu gukora irangi, guhitamo "ifumbire ya ammonia-grade" yavuzwe haruguru bifitiye akamaro ibika ibika.
Ibinyabutabire bya Ester bifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga cyane, umuvuduko uringaniye wo guhindagurika kw'ikirere, uburozi buke kandi bikoreshwa cyane, cyclohexanone nayo ikoreshwa cyane, ibinyabutabire bya hydrocarbon bifite ubushobozi buke bwo gushonga, ikoreshwa rito ryonyine, kandi bikoreshwa cyane n'ibindi binyabutabire.
20, Umuti ukoreshwa mu guhumeka: Umuti ukoreshwa mu guhumeka ni utwobo tw’ifuro dukorwa binyuze mu guhindura imiterere y’ikintu, ni ukuvuga binyuze mu kwaguka kwa gaze ifunze, guhindagurika kw’amazi cyangwa gushonga kw’ibintu bikomeye.
21, Ibikoresho bihuha bya shimi: Ibikoresho bihuha bya shimi ni ibyo bishobora kurekura imyuka nka dioxyde de carbone na azote nyuma yo gushyushya, kandi bigakora utwenge duto mu bigize polymer y'icyo kintu.
22, Guhuza imiterere: hari iminyururu ikomeye mu munyururu woroshye wa polymer, kandi umunyururu ukomeye ufite imiterere ifatika nk'iya vulcanized rubber nyuma yo guhuza imiti ku bushyuhe buri munsi y'aho byoroshye cyangwa aho bishonga.
23, Guhuza imikorere y’ibinyabutabire: bivuga inzira yo guhuza iminyururu minini ya molekile binyuze mu minyururu ya shimi ikoreshejwe n’urumuri, ubushyuhe, imirasire ifite ingufu nyinshi, imbaraga za mekanike, ultrasound n’ibintu bihuza imikorere kugira ngo habeho polima y’urusobe cyangwa imiterere y’imiterere.
24, Igipimo cy'ifuro: umubare w'ibice by'amazi bingana n'ibice 100 bya polyether usobanurwa nk'igipimo cy'ifuro (IF).
25. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa isocyanate bukunze gukoreshwa mu bijyanye n'imiterere?
Igisubizo: Alifatique: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI, HTDI, HMDI, Aromatic: TDI, MDI, PAPI, PPDI, NDI.
26. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa isocyanate bukunze gukoreshwa? Andika formula y'imiterere
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), MDI yahinduwe, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Ibisobanuro bya TDI-100 na TDI-80?
A: TDI-100 igizwe na toluene diisocyanate ifite imiterere ya 2,4; TDI-80 yerekeza ku ruvange rugizwe na 80% toluene diisocyanate ifite imiterere ya 2,4 na 20% by'imiterere ya 2,6.
28. Ni ibihe biranga TDI na MDI mu guhuza ibikoresho bya polyurethane?
A: Gusubiramo ibintu kuri 2,4-TDI na 2,6-TDI. Uburyo bwo gusubiramo ibintu kuri 2,4-TDI buri hejuru inshuro nyinshi kurusha 2,6-TDI, kuko NCO ifite imyanya 4 muri 2,4-TDI iri kure cyane y’itsinda rya NCO na methyl riri ku myanya 2, kandi nta budahangarwa buhari, mu gihe NCO ya 2,6-TDI igirwaho ingaruka n’ingaruka za steric z’itsinda rya ortho-methyl.
Amatsinda abiri ya NCO ya MDI aratandukanye cyane kandi nta bintu bisimbura biriho, bityo imikorere ya NCO ebyiri ni minini cyane. Nubwo NCO imwe yagira uruhare mu gikorwa, imikorere ya NCO isigaye iragabanuka, kandi imikorere iracyari minini muri rusange. Kubwibyo, reactivity ya MDI polyurethane prepolymer ni nini kuruta iya TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI ni iyihe muri iyo miterere y'umuhondo irusha iyindi?
A: HDI (ikoreshwa mu ibara ry'umuhondo rya aliphatic diisocyanate rihoraho), IPDI (ikozwe muri polyurethane resin ifite ubushobozi bwo kudahinduka kw'urumuri kandi irwanya imiti, ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora polyurethane resin yo mu rwego rwo hejuru idahinduka ibara).
30. Intego yo guhindura MDI n'uburyo busanzwe bwo guhindura
A: MDI y'amazi: Intego yahinduwe: MDI y'amazi ni MDI y'amazi yahinduwe, ikemura ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bya MDI y'amazi (ikomeye ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, gushonga iyo ikoreshejwe, gushyushya inshuro nyinshi bigira ingaruka ku mikorere), kandi igatanga ishingiro ry'impinduka nyinshi mu kunoza no kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho bya polyurethane bishingiye kuri MDI.
Uburyo:
① MDI yahinduwe na urethane yahinduwe.
② carbodiimide na uretonimine MDI yahinduwemo liquefied.
31. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa polyols za polymer zikunze gukoreshwa?
A: Polyole ya polyester, polyole ya polyether
32. Hari uburyo bungahe bwo gukora polyester polyols mu nganda?
A: Uburyo bwo gushonga imvange B, uburyo bwo gushonga imyuka itwara imizigo C, uburyo bwo gushonga imvange ya azeotropic
33. Ni izihe nyubako zihariye ziri ku mugongo wa molekile wa polyester na polyether polyols?
A: Polyel polyol: Ikinyabutabire cya alcool kirimo itsinda rya ester ku mugongo wa molekile n'itsinda rya hydroxyl (-OH) ku itsinda rya nyuma. Polyel polyols: Polymer cyangwa oligomer birimo imigozi ya ether (-O-) n'imigozi ya nyuma (-Oh) cyangwa amatsinda ya amine (-NH2) mu miterere y'umugongo wa molekile.
34. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa polyether polyols ukurikije imiterere yazo?
A: Polyols za polyether zikora cyane, polyols za polyether zishyizwe hamwe, polyols za polyether zigabanya umuriro, polyols za polyether zahinduwe heterocyclic, polyols za polytetrahydrofuran.
35. Ni ubwoko bungahe bwa polyether zisanzwe zihari ukurikije uburyo bwo gutangiza?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, polyol polyether ikomeye y'ibitunguru, polyol polyether idahagije cyane.
36. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya polyethers za hydroxy-terminated na polyethers za amini-terminated?
Polyethers za Amino zigizwe na polyoxide allyl ethers aho impera ya hydroxyl isimburwa n'itsinda rya amine.
37. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa polyurethane catalysts bukunze gukoreshwa? Ni ubuhe bwoko bukunze gukoreshwa burimo?
A: Katalogeri za amine za gatatu, ubwoko bukunze gukoreshwa ni: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine, N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Ibigize alkyl by'icyuma, ubwoko bukunze gukoreshwa ni: organotin catalysts, bishobora kugabanywamo stannous octoate, stannous oleate, dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Ni izihe nyongeramusaruro cyangwa ibihuza bikunze gukoreshwa bya polyurethane?
A: Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), alcools za alicyclic, alcools zihumura neza, diamines, amines za alcool (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Uburyo bwo gukora ibizamini bya isocyanate
A: Uburyo isocyanates zikora hamwe n’ibinyabutabire bya hydrogen bikora buterwa n’aho molecule ya hydrogen ikora itera atome ya karuboni ishingiye kuri NCO. Uburyo bwo gukora ni ubu bukurikira:
40. Ni gute imiterere ya isocyanate igira ingaruka ku mikorere y'amatsinda ya NCO?
A: Uburyo itsinda rya AR rikoresha electronegativity: niba itsinda rya R ari itsinda rikoresha electron, ubucucike bwa electron cloud bwa atome ya C mu itsinda rya -NCO buri hasi, kandi rishobora kwibasirwa cyane n’ibitero bya nucleophiles, ni ukuvuga ko byoroshye gukora reaction za nucleophiles hamwe na alcohols, amines n’ibindi bintu. Niba R ari itsinda ritanga electron kandi rigashyirwa mu gicu cya electron, ubucucike bwa electron cloud bwa atome ya C mu itsinda rya -NCO buziyongera, bigatuma ritashobora kwibasirwa cyane n’ibitero bya nucleophiles, kandi ubushobozi bwaryo bwo gukora hamwe n’ibintu bikora bya hydrogen buzagabanuka. B. Ingaruka zo gutera: Kubera ko aromatic diisocyanate igizwe n’amatsinda abiri ya NCO, iyo gene ya mbere ya -NCO yitabiriye reaction, bitewe n’ingaruka za aromatic ring, itsinda rya -NCO ritagize uruhare muri reaction rizagira uruhare mu gutera electron, bityo imikorere y’itsinda rya mbere rya NCO irushaho kwiyongera, ari na yo ngaruka zo gutera. C. ingaruka za steric: Mu molecule za aromatic diisocyanate, iyo amatsinda abiri ya -NCO ari mu ruziga rw'aromatic icyarimwe, ingaruka z'itsinda rimwe rya NCO ku buryo irindi tsinda rya NCO rikora akenshi ziba zikomeye. Ariko, iyo amatsinda abiri ya NCO ari mu ruziga rw'aromatic zitandukanye muri molecule imwe, cyangwa agatandukanywa n'iminyururu ya hydrocarbon cyangwa impeta za aromatic, imikoranire hagati yazo iba nto, kandi igabanuka uko uburebure bw'uruhererekane rwa hydrocarbon bwiyongera cyangwa umubare w'impeta za aromatic wiyongera.
41. Ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bya hydrogen bikora n'uburyo NCO ikora
A: Aliphatic NH2> Itsinda rihumura Bozui OH> Amazi > Secondary OH> Phenol OH> Itsinda rya Carboxyl > Urea yasimbuwe > Amido> Carbamate. (Niba ubucucike bwa electron cloud bw'ikigo cy'ingirabuzimafatizo kiri hejuru, electronegativity irakomera, kandi igikorwa cyo gukora hamwe na isocyanate kiri hejuru kandi umuvuduko wo gukora ibikorwa urihuta; Bitabaye ibyo, igikorwa kiba gito.)
42. Ingaruka z'ibinyabutabire bya hydroxyl ku buryo bikorana na isocyanate
A: Uburyo ibintu bikomoka kuri hydrogen (ROH cyangwa RNH2) bikora bifitanye isano n'imiterere ya R, iyo R ari itsinda rikuramo electron (electronegativity nke), biragoye kohereza atome za hydrogen, kandi uburyo ibintu bikomoka kuri hydrogen bikora na NCO biragoye cyane; Niba R ari ikintu gisimbura electron, uburyo ibintu bikomoka kuri hydrogen bikora na NCO bushobora kunozwa.
43. Ni iki gifasha gukora isocyanate hamwe n'amazi?
A: Ni kimwe mu bintu by'ibanze bikoreshwa mu gutegura ifuro rya polyurethane. Uburyo bikoreshwa hagati yabyo bubanza gutanga aside karubomiki idahindagurika, hanyuma igacikamo CO2 na amine, kandi iyo isocyanate irenze urugero, amine ivamo ikorana na isocyanate bigatuma habaho urea.
44. Mu gutegura elastomer za polyurethane, ingano y'amazi ya polyurethane igomba kugenzurwa cyane
A: Nta bibuno bisabwa muri elastomer, coating na fibre, bityo amazi ari mu bikoresho fatizo agomba kugenzurwa neza, akenshi ari munsi ya 0.05%.
45. Itandukaniro mu ngaruka za catalyst za amine na tin ku bikorwa bya isocyanate
A: Katalysts za amine za gatatu zifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura ibintu mu buryo buhanitse mu bijyanye n'imikorere ya isocyanate hamwe n'amazi, mu gihe katalysts za tin zifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura ibintu mu buryo buhanitse mu bijyanye n'imikorere ya isocyanate hamwe n'itsinda rya hydroxyl.
46. Kuki resin ya polyurethane ishobora gufatwa nka polymer y'ibiti, kandi ni ibihe biranga imiterere y'uruhererekane?
Igisubizo: Kubera ko igice cy'umunyururu cya polyurethane resin kigizwe n'ibice bikomeye kandi byoroshye, igice gikomeye kivuga igice cy'umunyururu kigizwe n'uburyo isocyanate, umunyururu wongereye na crosslinker ku munyururu mukuru wa molekile za polyurethane, kandi aya matsinda afite ingufu nyinshi zo guhuza, ingano nini y'umwanya n'ubudahangarwa bwinshi. Igice cyoroshye kivuga polyol ya polymer ya karuboni-karuboni, ifite ubworoherane bwiza kandi ni igice cyoroshye mu munyururu mukuru wa polyurethane.
47. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'ibikoresho bya polyurethane?
A: Ingufu zo guhuza itsinda, umugozi wa hydrogen, kristali, urugero rwo guhuza, uburemere bwa molekile, igice gikomeye, igice cyoroshye.
48. Ni ibihe bikoresho fatizo biri ku ruhererekane rw'ingenzi rw'ibikoresho bya polyurethane?
A: Igice cyoroshye kigizwe na polyols za oligomer (poliester, polyether diols, nibindi), naho igice gikomeye kigizwe na polyisocyanates cyangwa imvange yazo n'uduce duto tw'uruhererekane rw'ibintu.
49. Ni gute ibice byoroshye n'ibice bikomeye bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'ibikoresho bya polyurethane?
A: Igice cyoroshye: (1) Uburemere bwa molekile y'igice cyoroshye: dutekereje ko uburemere bwa molekile ya polyurethane ari bumwe, niba igice cyoroshye ari polyester, imbaraga za polyurethane ziyongera uko uburemere bwa molekile ya polyester diol bwiyongera; Niba igice cyoroshye ari polyether, imbaraga za polyurethane zigabanuka uko uburemere bwa molekile ya polyether diol bwiyongera, ariko uburebure buriyongera. (2) Uburemere bwa molekile y'igice cyoroshye: Gifite uruhare runini mu buremere bwa molekile y'urunigi rwa polyurethane. Muri rusange, crystallization ni ingirakamaro mu kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane, ariko rimwe na rimwe crystallization igabanya ubushyuhe buke bw'ibikoresho, kandi crystallization ikunze kuba idasobanutse.
Igice gikomeye: Igice gikomeye cy'umunyururu gikunze kugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bworoshye no gushonga ndetse n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa polymer. Polyurethanes zikozwe na aromatic isocyanates zirimo impeta zikomeye zihumura, bityo imbaraga za polymer mu gice gikomeye ziyongera, kandi imbaraga z'ibikoresho muri rusange ziba nini kurusha iza polyurethane aliphatic isocyanates, ariko ubudahangarwa bwo kwangirika kwa ultraviolet ni buke, kandi byoroshye guhindura umuhondo. Polyurethane aliphatic ntabwo ari umuhondo.
50. Gushyira mu byiciro ifuro rya polyurethane
A: (1) ifuro rikomeye n'ifuro ryoroshye, (2) ifuro ry'ubucucike bwinshi n'ubucucike buke, (3) ifuro ry'ubwoko bwa polyester, ifuro ry'ubwoko bwa polyether, (4) ifuro ry'ubwoko bwa TDI, ifuro ry'ubwoko bwa MDI, (5) ifuro rya polyurethane n'ifuro rya polyisocyanurate, (6) uburyo bwo gukora intambwe imwe n'uburyo bwo gutegura polymerization, uburyo bukomeza n'uburyo bwo gukora buri gihe, (8) ifuro ry'amaboko n'ifuro ryabumbwe.
51. Ingaruka z'ibanze mu gutegura ifuro
A: Bivuga uburyo -NCO ikora iyo ikoresheje -OH, -NH2 na H2O, kandi iyo ikoresheje polyols, "uburyo bwa gel" mu ikorwa ry'ifuro muri rusange bivuga uburyo carbamate ikora. Kubera ko ibikoresho fatizo bya foam bikoresha ibikoresho fatizo byinshi, haboneka umuyoboro uhuza, utuma sisitemu ya foam ikora gel vuba.
Ifuro riva mu buryo bwo gusohora ifuro iyo hari amazi. Icyo bita "ifuro riva" muri rusange kivuga ku buryo amazi na isocyanate bivamo urea yasimbuwe kandi bigasohora CO2.
52. Uburyo bwo guteranya uduce tw'ibinure
Ibikoresho fatizo bikora mu mazi cyangwa bigaterwa n'ubushyuhe bukorwa n'ingaruka kugira ngo bikore ikintu gihumeka kandi gihinduke umwuka. Uko ingaruka zigenda ziyongera no gukora ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'ingaruka, ingano y'ibintu bihumeka n'ihindagurika ryiyongera buri gihe. Iyo ingano y'umwuka yiyongeraga ikarenga ingano y'umwuka, agace k'umubyimba gatangira kubaho mu cyiciro cy'umuti kakazamuka.
53. Uruhare rw'umusemburo w'ifuro mu gutegura ifuro rya polyurethane
A: Ifite ingaruka zo gushonga, ku buryo gushonga hagati y’ibice bigize ifuro birushaho kwiyongera; Nyuma yo kongeramo silicone surfactant, kubera ko igabanya cyane imbaraga z’ubuso γ bw’amazi, ingufu nyinshi zikenewe kugira ngo imyuka ikwirakwizwe ziragabanuka, bityo umwuka ukwirakwira mu bikoresho fatizo urushaho kuba mwiza mu gihe cyo kuvanga, ibyo bikaba bigira uruhare mu gukora uduheri duto no kunoza uburyo ifuro rituje.
54. Uburyo bwo guhagarara neza kw'ifuro
A: Kongeramo surfactants zikwiye bituma habaho gukwirakwira kw'utubumbe duto.
55. Uburyo bwo gukora ifuro ry'uturemangingo dufunguye n'ifuro ry'uturemangingo dufunze
A: Uburyo ifuro ry’uturemangingo tufunguye rikorwa: Akenshi, iyo hari igitutu kinini mu mfuruka, imbaraga z’urukuta rw’uturemangingo zikorwa n’uburyo bwa gel ziba zitari nyinshi, kandi icyuma cyo ku rukuta ntigishobora kwihanganira kwaguka guterwa n’umuvuduko w’umwuka uzamuka, icyuma cyo ku rukuta rw’uturemangingo kirakururwa, maze gazi igasohoka mu gucika, igakora icyuma cyo ku rukuta rw’uturemangingo tufunguye.
Uburyo bwo gukora ifuro ry’uturemangingo dufunze: Ku buryo bukomeye bwo gukora ifuro, bitewe n’uburyo polyether polyols zikora zifite uburemere bwinshi kandi buke bwa molekile hamwe na polyisocyanate zikora, umuvuduko wa gel uba wihuta cyane, kandi umwuka uri mu ifuro ntushobora gusenya urukuta rw’ifuro, bityo bikarema ifuro ry’uturemangingo dufunze.
56. Uburyo bwo gusohora ifuro bw'ikintu gitanga ifuro n'ikintu gitanga ifuro ry'imiti
A: Ingufu zikoreshwa mu guhumeka: Ingufu zikoreshwa mu guhumeka ni utwobo tw’ifuro dukorwa binyuze mu guhindura imiterere y’ikintu runaka, ni ukuvuga binyuze mu kwaguka kwa gaze ifunze, guhindagurika kw’amazi cyangwa gushonga kw’ibintu bikomeye.
Ibintu bikoreshwa mu guhumeka: Ibintu bikoreshwa mu guhumeka ni ibintu, iyo biboze n'ubushyuhe, birekura imyuka nka dioxyde de carbone na azote bigakora utwenge duto mu bigize polymer.
57. Uburyo bwo gutegura ifuro ryoroshye rya polyurethane
A: Uburyo bw'intambwe imwe n'uburyo bwa prepolymer
Uburyo bwa Prepolymer: ni ukuvuga polyol ya polyether n'uburyo bwa TDI burenze bikorerwamo prepolymer irimo itsinda rya NCO ryigenga, hanyuma bivanze n'amazi, catalyst, stabilizer, nibindi, kugira ngo bikore ifuro. Uburyo bw'intambwe imwe: Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho fatizo bivangwa mu mutwe w'ibivangwa binyuze mu kubara, kandi intambwe ikorwa mu ifuro, ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri bikomeza n'ibidahinduka.
58. Ibiranga ifuro ritambitse n'ifuro rihagaze
Uburyo bwo gushyira icyuma gipima umuvuduko mu buryo buringaniye: burangwa no gukoresha impapuro zo hejuru n'igice cyo hejuru cyo gupfuka. Uburyo bwo gushyira icyuma gipima umuvuduko mu kirere: burangwa no gukoresha icyuma gipima umuvuduko mu kirere n'igice cyo kunyuramo umukandara.
Imiterere y'ifuro ihagaze: ushobora gukoresha amazi make kugira ngo ubone agace kanini k'uduce tw'ifuro, kandi ubusanzwe ukoresha imashini ifuro itambitse kugira ngo ubone igice kimwe cy'agace, urwego rw'amazi ruruta inshuro 3 kugeza kuri 5 ugereranije n'ifuro rihagaze; Kubera igice kinini cy'agace k'ifuro, nta ruhu rwo hejuru n'urwo hasi rubaho, kandi uruhu rwo ku nkengero narwo ruragabanuka cyane, bityo igihombo cyo gukata kiragabanuka cyane. Ibikoresho bitwikira agace gato, uburebure bw'uruganda ni nka metero 12 ~ 13, kandi ikiguzi cy'ishoramari ry'uruganda n'ibikoresho kiri hasi ugereranyije n'icyo gukata ifuro rihagaze; Biroroshye gusimbuza hopper n'icyitegererezo kugira ngo ukore imibiri y'ifuro ifite uruziga cyangwa uruziga, cyane cyane uduce tw'ifuro twizengurutse two gukata duzunguruka.
59. Ingingo z'ibanze zo guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo mu gutegura ifuro ryoroshye
A: Polyol: polyether polyol yo mu bwoko bwa foam isanzwe, uburemere bwa molekile muri rusange ni 3000 ~ 4000, ahanini polyether triol. Polyether triol ifite uburemere bwa molekile 4500 ~ 6000 ikoreshwa mu gukurura ifuro. Uko uburemere bwa molekile bwiyongera, imbaraga zo gukurura, uburebure no kwihangana bya foam biriyongera. Uburyo bwo gukora bwa polyether nk'izo bwaragabanutse. Uko urugero rw'imikorere ya polyether rugenda rwiyongera, uburyo bwo gukora bwihuta, urugero rwo guhuza polyurethane ruriyongera, ubukana bwa foam buriyongera, kandi uburebure buragabanuka. Isocyanate: Ibikoresho fatizo bya isocyanate bya polyurethane soft block foam ahanini ni toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Umurimo muto wa TDI-65 ukoreshwa gusa kuri polyester polyurethane foam cyangwa polyether foam yihariye. Catalyst: Inyungu zo gukurura ifuro ryoroheje ry'ifuro ryoroheje rishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: kimwe ni ibintu bya organometallic, stannous caprylate niyo ikoreshwa cyane; Indi bwoko ni amine za tertiary, zikunze gukoreshwa nka dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Foam stabilizer: Muri polyester polyurethane bulk foam, surfactants zitari silicon zikoreshwa cyane, naho muri polyether bulk foam, olefin copolymer ya organosilica-oxidized ni yo ikoreshwa cyane. Imyunyungugu yo gufuro: Muri rusange, amazi gusa ni yo akoreshwa nk'imyunyungugu iyo ubucucike bw'udupira tworoshye twa polyurethane burenga kg 21 kuri metero kibe; Ibinyabutabire bike nka methylene chloride (MC) bikoreshwa nk'imyunyungugu y'inyongera gusa mu buryo bworoshye.
60. Ingaruka z'ibidukikije ku miterere y'ibice by'ifuro
A: Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe: ifuro rya polyurethane ryihuta uko ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bwiyongera, ibyo bikazatera ibyago byo gutwika no gutwika mu buryo bworoheje. Ingaruka z'ubushuhe bw'umwuka: Uko ubushuhe bwiyongera, bitewe n'uko itsinda rya isocyanate rikora mu ifuro rifite amazi mu kirere, ubukana bw'ifuro buragabanuka kandi uburebure buriyongera. Ingufu zo gukurura ifuro ziyongera uko itsinda rya urea ryiyongera. Ingaruka z'umuvuduko w'ikirere: Kuri formula imwe, iyo ifuro riva ahantu hirengeye, ubucucike buragabanuka cyane.
61. Itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y'uburyo bw'ibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mu gukurura ifuro ryoroheje rikonje n'ifuro rishyushye rikozwe
A: Ibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mu gushushanya mu buryo bukonje bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora cyane, kandi nta mpamvu yo gushyushya hanze mu gihe cyo gushushanya, bitewe n'ubushyuhe buturuka kuri sisitemu, uburyo bwo gushushanya bushobora kurangira mu gihe gito, kandi ifuro rishobora kurekurwa mu minota mike nyuma yo gutera ibikoresho fatizo. Uburyo ifuro rishyushye rishobora gukora cyane, kandi uruvange rw'uburyo bwo gukora rugomba gushyushywa hamwe n'ifuro nyuma yo gusohora ifuro mu ifuro, kandi umusaruro w'ifuro ushobora kurekurwa umaze gukura neza mu muyoboro wo gutekesha.
62. Ni ibihe biranga ifuro ryoroshye rikozwe mu buryo bukonje ugereranije n'ifuro rikozwe mu buryo bushyushye?
A: ① Uburyo bwo gukora ntibusaba ubushyuhe bwo hanze, bushobora kuzigama ubushyuhe bwinshi; ② Ingano yo kugabanuka cyane (igipimo cyo gucika), imikorere myiza; ③ Igipimo cyo kugaruka hejuru; ④ Ifuro ridafite imashini igabanya ubushyuhe rifite imiterere imwe n'imwe igabanya ubushyuhe; ⑤ Igihe gito cyo gukora, gishobora kuzigama ifu, kikagabanya ikiguzi.
63. Ibiranga n'imikoreshereze y'udupira tworoshye n'udupira dukomeye uko bikurikirana
A: Ibiranga uduheri tworoshye: Imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'uduheri tworoshye twa polyurethane ikunze kuba ifunguye. Muri rusange, ifite ubucucike buke, irakira neza, ifata urusaku, ihumeka neza, ibungabunga ubushyuhe n'ibindi. Imikoreshereze: Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho byo mu nzu, ibikoresho by'imitako, ibikoresho by'imitako y'imodoka, ibikoresho bitandukanye by'imitako yoroshye ya laminated, ifuro ryoroshye ry'inganda n'iry'icyatsi rikoreshwa kandi nk'ibikoresho byo kuyungurura, ibikoresho byo gukingira urusaku, ibikoresho bidashobora guhungabana, ibikoresho byo gushushanya, ibikoresho byo gupfunyikamo n'ibikoresho byo gukingira ubushyuhe.
Ibiranga ifuro rikomeye: ifuro rya polyurethane rifite uburemere bworoshye, imbaraga nyinshi kandi rituje neza mu buryo bungana; imikorere yo gukingira ubushyuhe ya polyurethane rikomeye ni myiza cyane. Imbaraga zikomeye zo gufata; Ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryo gusaza, igihe kirekire cyo gukora adiabatic; Imvange y'ikoreshwa ry'ikoreshwa ry'ifuro ifite ubushobozi bwo gutemba neza kandi ishobora kuzuza umwobo cyangwa umwanya w'imiterere igoye neza. Ibikoresho fatizo bya polyurethane hard foam bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora cyane, bishobora gukira vuba, kandi bishobora kugera ku musaruro mwinshi no ku bwinshi mu ruganda.
Ikoreshwa: Ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gukingira ibyuma bikonjesha, ibyuma bikonjesha, ibikoresho bikonjesha, ububiko bw'ibikoresho bikonjesha, ububiko bw'amavuta n'amazi ashyushye, ububiko bw'inkuta n'igisenge by'inyubako, ububiko bw'amasambusa, n'ibindi.
64. Ingingo z'ingenzi zo gushushanya formula y'ibibuno bikomeye
A: Polyols: polyols za polyether zikoreshwa mu gukora ifuro rikomeye muri rusange ni polyols za polypropylene oxide zifite ingufu nyinshi, zifite agaciro ka hydroxyl nyinshi (uburemere buke bwa molekile); Isocyanate: Kuri ubu, isocyanate ikoreshwa mu gukora ifuro rikomeye ahanini ni polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (izwi cyane nka PAPI), ni ukuvuga MDI ya kera na MDI ya polymerize; Ibikoresho bitera imbaraga: (1) CFC blowing agent (2) HCFC na HFC blowing agent (3) pentane blowing agent (4) amazi; Foam stabilizer: Foam stabilizer ikoreshwa mu gukora ifuro rikomeye rya polyurethane muri rusange ni polymer ya polydimethylsiloxane na polyoxolefin. Kuri ubu, ifuro ritera imbaraga nyinshi rigizwe ahanini na Si-C type; Catalyst: Catalyst y'ifuro rikomeye ahanini ni amine ya tertiary, kandi organotin catalyst ishobora gukoreshwa mu bihe bidasanzwe; Izindi nyongeramusaruro: Hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'ibikenewe mu mikoreshereze itandukanye y'ibikomoka kuri polyurethane bikomeye, ibintu bigabanya umuriro, ibintu bifungura, ibintu bibuza umwotsi, ibintu birwanya gusaza, ibintu birwanya ubwivumbure, ibintu bikomeza ubwivumbure n'ibindi bishobora kongerwa muri iyo formula.
65. Ihame ryo gutegura ifuro ry'uruhu rwose
A: ifuro ry’uruhu ry’ibanze (ISF), rizwi kandi nka ifuro ryo kwisiga (ifuro ryo kwisiga), ni ifuro rya pulasitiki rikora uruhu rwaryo rwinshi mu gihe cyo gukora.
66. Ibiranga n'imikoreshereze ya elastomer za polyurethane mikorosi
A: Ibiranga: polyurethane elastomer ni polymer y’urukiramende, muri rusange igizwe na oligomer polyol flexible polyol long chain soft segment, diisocyanate na chain extender kugira ngo bikore igice gikomeye, igice gikomeye n’igice cyoroshye gisimburana, bigakora igice cy’imiterere gisubiramo. Uretse kuba irimo amatsinda ya amoniya ester, polyurethane ishobora gukora imigozi ya hydrogen imbere no hagati ya molekile, kandi ibice byoroshye n’ibikomeye bishobora gukora uturere twa microphase no gutanga itandukanyirizo rya microphase.
67. Ni ibihe bintu by'ingenzi biranga imikorere ya elastome ya polyurethane
A: Ibiranga imikorere: 1, imbaraga nyinshi n'ubudahangarwa, bishobora kuba mu buryo butandukanye bwo gukomera (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) kugira ngo bikomeze kuba byiza; Muri rusange, ubudahangarwa buke bukenewe bushobora kugerwaho nta pulasitiki, bityo nta kibazo giterwa no kwimuka kwa pulasitiki; 2, munsi y'ubudahangarwa bumwe, ubushobozi bwo gutwara buri hejuru kurusha izindi elastomer; 3, ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika, ubudahangarwa bwayo bungana n'inshuro 2 kugeza ku 10 z'umukara usanzwe; 4. Ubudahangarwa bwiza bw'amavuta n'imiti; Ubudahangarwa bwiza bw'imirasire ya polyurethane ihumura neza; Ubudahangarwa bwiza bwa ogisijeni n'ubudahangarwa bwa ozone; 5, ubudahangarwa bwinshi, ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika no kudahangarwa, bukwiriye gukoreshwa mu gukoresha flexure nyinshi; 6, ubushyuhe buke ni bwiza; 7, polyurethane isanzwe ntishobora gukoreshwa hejuru ya 100 ℃, ariko gukoresha formula yihariye bishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa 140 ℃; 8, ikiguzi cyo gutunganya no gutunganya kiri hasi.
68. Elastome za polyurethane zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe polyols, isocyanates, inzira zo gukora, nibindi
A: 1. Dukurikije ibikoresho fatizo bya polyol ya oligomer, polyurethane elastomer zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bwa polyester, ubwoko bwa polyether, ubwoko bwa polyolefin, ubwoko bwa polycarbonate, nibindi. Ubwoko bwa polyether bushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bwa polytetrahydrofuran n'ubwoko bwa polypropylene oxide hakurikijwe ubwoko bwihariye; 2. Dukurikije itandukaniro rya diisocyanate, ishobora kugabanywamo aliphatic na aromatic elastomer, igagabanywamo ubwoko bwa TDI, ubwoko bwa MDI, ubwoko bwa IPDI, ubwoko bwa NDI n'ubundi bwoko; Dukurikije uburyo bwo gukora, polyurethane elastomer zisanzwe zigabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: ubwoko bwo gukata (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) n'ubwoko bwo kuvanga (MPU).
69. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka ku miterere ya elastome za polyurethane ukurikije imiterere ya molekile?
A: Ukurikije imiterere ya molekile, polyurethane elastomer ni polymer y’igice, muri rusange igizwe na oligomer polyols, flexible long chain soft segment, diisocyanate na chain extender kugira ngo bikore igice gikomeye, igice gikomeye n’igice cyoroshye gisimburana, bigakora igice cy’imiterere gisubiramo. Uretse kuba irimo amatsinda ya amoniya ester, polyurethane ishobora gukora imigozi ya hydrogen imbere no hagati ya molekile, kandi ibice byoroshye n’ibikomeye bishobora gukora uturere twa microphase no gutanga itandukanyirizo rya microphase. Ibi biranga imiterere ya polyurethane elastomer bifite ubushobozi bwo kudashira no gukomera, bizwi nka "rubber idashira".
70. Itandukaniro ry'imikorere hagati ya elastomer zisanzwe za polyester na elastomer za polytetrahydrofuran ether
A: Molekile za polyester zirimo amatsinda menshi ya polar ester (-COO-), ashobora gukora imigozi ikomeye ya hydrogen imbere mu turemangingo, bityo polyester polyurethane ifite imbaraga nyinshi, idashobora kwangirika no kudashira kw'amavuta.
Elastomer yakozwe muri polyols za polyether ifite ubushobozi bwo kudahindagurika neza mu mazi, irwanya ikirere, ihangana n'ubushyuhe buke kandi irwanya imyuka. Inkomoko y'ingingo/Ubushakashatsi ku kwiga polymer
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama 17-2024