1, Hydroxyl agaciro: garama 1 polymer polyol yarimo hydroxyl (-OH) ingana numubare wa miligarama ya KOH, igice mgKOH / g.
2, Bingana: impuzandengo yuburemere bwa molekile yitsinda rikora.
3, Ibirimo Isocyanate: ibikubiye muri isocyanate muri molekile
4, Isocyanate index: yerekana urugero rwikirenga cya isocyanate muri formula ya polyurethane, ubusanzwe igaragazwa ninyuguti R.
5. Kwagura urunigi: Bivuga uburemere buke bwa alcool na amine bishobora kwaguka, kwaguka cyangwa gukora imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro ihuza iminyururu.
6. Igice gikomeye: Igice cyurunigi cyakozwe nigisubizo cya isocyanate, kwagura urunigi no guhuza imiyoboro nyamukuru ya molekile ya polyurethane, kandi ayo matsinda afite imbaraga zo guhuriza hamwe, ubunini bwumwanya munini hamwe no gukomera.
7, Igice cyoroshye: karubone karubone nyamukuru urunigi polymer polyol, guhinduka ni byiza, mumurongo wingenzi wa polyurethane kumurongo woroshye.
8, Uburyo bumwe: bivuga kuri oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, kwagura urunigi hamwe na catalizator bivanze icyarimwe nyuma yo guterwa muburyo butaziguye, mubushyuhe runaka bukiza uburyo bwo kubumba.
9.
10.
11, Gutera inshinge za reaction: Bizwi kandi nka Reaction Injection Molding RIM (Reaction Injection Molding), bipimwa na oligomers ifite uburemere buke bwa molekile muburyo bwamazi, ihita ivangwa hanyuma igaterwa mubibumbano icyarimwe, hamwe nigisubizo cyihuse muri cavite yububiko, uburemere bwa molekuline yibikoresho byiyongera vuba. Inzira yo kubyara polymers nshya rwose hamwe nitsinda rishya riranga amatsinda kumuvuduko mwinshi cyane.
12, Indangantego yo kubira: ni ukuvuga, umubare wibice byamazi akoreshwa mubice 100 bya polyether asobanurwa nkurutonde rwifuro (NIBA).
13, Imyitwarire ifuro: mubisanzwe bivuga reaction yamazi na isocyanate kubyara urea isimbuwe no kurekura CO2.
14, reaction ya Gel: mubisanzwe bivuga gushiraho reaction ya karbamate.
15, Igihe cya Gel: mubihe bimwe na bimwe, ibintu byamazi byo gukora gel bisaba igihe.
16, Igihe cyamata: kumpera ya zone I, ibintu byamata bigaragara mugice cyamazi ya polyurethane ivanze. Iki gihe cyitwa cream igihe mugisekuru cya polyurethane.
17. (umubare uhwanye) igipimo cyitsinda rya hydrogène ikora na NCO.
18.
19, Ammonia ester yo mu rwego rwo hejuru: umusaruro wa polyurethane kugirango usuzume imbaraga zo gusesa, igipimo cya volatilisation, ariko umusaruro wa polyurethane ukoreshwa mumashanyarazi, ugomba kwibanda ku kuzirikana NC0 iremereye muri polyurethane. Umuti nka alcool na ether alcool ikorana nitsinda rya NCO ntishobora gutoranywa. Umuti ntushobora kubamo umwanda nk'amazi n'inzoga, kandi ntushobora kuba urimo ibintu bya alkali, bizatuma polyurethane yangirika.
Umuti wa ester ntiwemerewe kubamo amazi, kandi ntugomba kuba urimo acide na alcool byubusa, bizakorana nitsinda rya NCO. Umuti wa ester ukoreshwa muri polyurethane ugomba kuba "ammonia ester grade solvent" hamwe nubuziranenge bwinshi. Ni ukuvuga, umusemburo ukora hamwe na isocyanate irenze, hanyuma ingano ya isocyanate idakozwe igenwa na dibutylamine kugirango isuzume niba ikwiriye gukoreshwa. Ihame ni uko kunywa isocyanate bidakoreshwa, kuko byerekana ko amazi yo muri ester, inzoga, aside ya gatatu azakoresha agaciro kose ka isocyanate, niba umubare wa garama za solvent zisabwa kugirango ukoreshe itsinda rya leqNCO, agaciro ni ituze ryiza.
Isocyanate ihwanye na munsi ya 2500 ntabwo ikoreshwa nka polyurethane.
Ubuharike bwumuti bufite ingaruka zikomeye kumyitwarire ya resin. Ubwinshi bwa polarite, niko bigenda buhoro buhoro, nka toluene na methyl etyl ketone itandukanya inshuro 24, iyi molekile ya molekile ikabije ni nini, irashobora gukora hydrogene hamwe nitsinda rya hydroxyl ya alcool kandi bigatuma reaction itinda.
Polychlorine ester solvent nibyiza guhitamo umusemburo wa aromatic, umuvuduko wabyo wihuta kuruta ester, ketone, nka xylene. Imikoreshereze ya ester na ketone irashobora kongera igihe cyumurimo wa polyurethane ifite amashami abiri mugihe cyo kubaka. Mu gukora ibifuniko, guhitamo "ammonia-yo mu rwego rwo hejuru" byavuzwe haruguru ni ingirakamaro kuri stabilisateur zabitswe.
Umuti wa Ester ufite imbaraga zikomeye, umuvuduko ukabije w’ubushyuhe, uburozi buke kandi ukoreshwa cyane, cyclohexanone nayo ikoreshwa cyane, amashanyarazi ya hydrocarubone afite ubushobozi buke bwo gushonga, kudakoresha wenyine, no gukoresha byinshi hamwe nandi mashanyarazi.
20, Umubiri uhuha: ibikoresho byo guhumeka kumubiri ni imyenge ya furo ikorwa binyuze muguhindura imiterere yumubiri yibintu, ni ukuvuga kwaguka kwa gaze ifunitse, guhindagurika kwamazi cyangwa gushonga gukomeye.
21, Ibikoresho bivura imiti: imiti ihumeka ni yo ishobora kurekura imyuka nka karuboni ya dioxyde na azote nyuma yo gushyushya ibora, kandi igakora imyenge myiza muri polymer igizwe nuruvange.
22, Guhuza kumubiri: hariho iminyururu ikomeye mumurongo woroshye wa polymer, kandi urunigi rukomeye rufite imiterere yumubiri nka reberi ya volcanize nyuma yo guhuza imiti nubushyuhe buri munsi yubushyuhe cyangwa aho gushonga.
23, Guhuza imiti: bivuga inzira yo guhuza ingoyi nini ya molekile binyuze mumigozi ya chimique ikoresheje urumuri, ubushyuhe, imirasire yingufu nyinshi, ingufu za mashini, ultrasound na crosslinking agent kugirango ube umuyoboro cyangwa imiterere ya polymer.
24, Indangantego yo kubira: umubare wibice byamazi ahwanye nibice 100 bya polyether asobanurwa nkurutonde rwifuro (NIBA).
25. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa isocyanates bukoreshwa muburyo bw'imiterere?
Igisubizo: Alifatique: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI, HTDI, HMDI, Aromatic: TDI, MDI, PAPI, PPDI, NDI.
26. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa isocyanates bukoreshwa? Andika formulaire
Igisubizo: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polifhenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), MDI isukuye, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Ibisobanuro bya TDI-100 na TDI-80?
Igisubizo: TDI-100 igizwe na toluene diisocyanate ifite imiterere 2,4; TDI-80 bivuga imvange igizwe na 80% toluene diisocyanate yimiterere 2,4 na 20% yimiterere ya 2,6.
28. Ni ibihe bintu biranga TDI na MDI muri synthesis y'ibikoresho bya polyurethane?
Igisubizo: Gukora kuri 2,4-TDI na 2,6-TDI. Imyitwarire ya 2,4-TDI irikubye inshuro nyinshi ugereranije na 2,6-TDI, kubera ko imyanya 4 NCO muri 2,4-TDI iri kure yumwanya wa 2 NCO na methyl, kandi harahari hafi nta kurwanya steric, mugihe NCO ya 2,6-TDI yibasiwe ningaruka zikomeye zitsinda ortho-methyl.
Amatsinda abiri ya NCO ya MDI aratandukanye cyane kandi ntayasimbuye hirya no hino, bityo ibikorwa bya NCO byombi ni binini. Nubwo NCO imwe igira uruhare mubitekerezo, ibikorwa bya NCO isigaye biragabanuka, kandi ibikorwa biracyari binini muri rusange. Kubwibyo, reaction ya MDI polyurethane prepolymer nini kuruta iyo TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI niyihe irwanya umuhondo iruta?
Igisubizo: HDI (ni iy'umuhondo wa alifatique diisocyanate idahinduka), IPDI (ikozwe muri resin ya polyurethane ifite optique ihamye kandi irwanya imiti, ubusanzwe ikoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bidafite ibara rya polyurethane).
30. Intego yo guhindura MDI nuburyo busanzwe bwo guhindura
Igisubizo: MDI yanduye: Intego yahinduwe: MDI isukuye MDI ni MDI yahinduwe, iratsinda inenge zimwe na zimwe za MDI ityoroye (ikomeye ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, gushonga iyo ikoreshejwe, gushyushya byinshi bigira ingaruka kumikorere), kandi ikanatanga ishingiro ryurwego runini cyo guhindura kugirango tunonosore kandi tunoze imikorere yibikoresho bya MDI bishingiye kuri polyurethane.
Uburyo:
① urethane yahinduwe MDI.
② karbodiimide na uretonimine yahinduwe MDI.
31. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa polymer polyol bukunze gukoreshwa?
Igisubizo: Polyester polyol, polyol polyol
32. Ni ubuhe buryo bangahe bwo gukora inganda buhari kuri polyester polyole?
Igisubizo: Uburyo bwo gushonga Vacuum B, uburyo bwo gushonga gazi itwara C, uburyo bwa distillation ya azeotropique
33. Ni ubuhe buryo bwihariye buri ku mugongo wa molekuline ya polyester na polyether polyole?
Igisubizo: Polyester polyol: Uruganda rwa macromolecular rwuzuye inzoga zirimo itsinda rya ester kumugongo wa molekile hamwe nitsinda rya hydroxyl (-OH) kumurwi wanyuma. Polyether polyole: Polymers cyangwa oligomers irimo ether bond (-O-) hamwe na bande ya nyuma (-Oh) cyangwa amine amatsinda (-NH2) muburyo bwumugongo wa molekile.
34. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa polyol polyole ukurikije ibiranga?
Igisubizo.
35. Ubwoko bangahe bwa polyeter busanzwe buhari ukurikije intangiriro?
Igisubizo: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, ibibyimba bikomeye polyether polyol, polyole nkeya idahagije.
36. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya hydroxy-yarangijwe na polyeter na polyine ya amine yarangiye?
Aminoterminated polyethers ni polyoxide allyl ethers aho hydroxyl impera isimburwa nitsinda rya amine.
37. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa catisale ya polyurethane ikoreshwa cyane? Ni ubuhe bwoko bukunze gukoreshwa burimo?
Igisubizo: Cataliste ya amine ya cataliste, ubwoko bukunze gukoreshwa ni: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine, N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Ibikoresho bya alkyl byuma, ubwoko bukunze gukoreshwa ni: catalizator ya organotine, irashobora kugabanywa octoate itangaje, oleate stannous, dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu kwagura urunigi rwa polyurethane cyangwa guhuza?
Igisubizo: Polyoli (1, 4-butanediol), alcool ya alicyclic, alcool ya aromatic, diamine, amine ya alcool (Ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Uburyo bwo kwitwara bwa isocyanates
Igisubizo: Imyitwarire ya isocyanate hamwe ningingo ya hydrogène ikora iterwa na nucleophilique centre ya molekile ikora ya hydrogène ikora yibasira atome ya karubone ya NCO. Uburyo bwo kubyitwaramo nuburyo bukurikira:
40. Nigute imiterere ya isocyanate igira ingaruka kumikorere ya matsinda ya NCO?
Igisubizo: Electronegativite yitsinda rya AR: niba itsinda R ari itsinda rikurura electron, ubwinshi bwigicu cya electron ya C atom mumatsinda ya -NCO kiri hasi, kandi birashobora kwibasirwa nigitero cya nucleophile, ni ukuvuga, biroroshye gukora reaction ya nucleophilique hamwe na alcool, amine nibindi bikoresho. Niba R ari itsinda ryabaterankunga ba electron kandi ryimuriwe mubicu bya electron, ubwinshi bwigicu cya electron ya C atom mumatsinda ya -NCO biziyongera, bigatuma bidashobora kwibasirwa nigitero cya nucleophile, hamwe nubushobozi bwacyo hamwe na hydrogène ikora neza kugabanuka. B. Ingaruka ya Induction: Kuberako diisocyanate ya aromatic irimo amatsinda abiri ya NCO, mugihe gene ya mbere -NCO igira uruhare mubitekerezo, kubera ingaruka zifatika zimpeta ya aromatic, itsinda -NCO rititabira reaction rizagira uruhare ya electron ikurura itsinda, kugirango ibikorwa byo kwitabira itsinda rya mbere rya NCO byongerewe imbaraga, ningaruka zo kwinjiza. C. Ingaruka zifatika: Muri molekile ya diisocyanate ya aromatic, niba amatsinda abiri -NCO ari mumpeta ya aromatique icyarimwe, noneho ingaruka zitsinda rimwe rya NCO kumikorere yandi matsinda ya NCO usanga ari ngombwa cyane. Nyamara, iyo amatsinda abiri ya NCO aherereye mumpeta zitandukanye zimpumuro nziza muri molekile imwe, cyangwa zigatandukanijwe numunyururu wa hydrocarubone cyangwa impeta ya aromatiya, imikoranire hagati yabo iba nto, kandi igabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwuburebure bwurunigi hydrocarubone cyangwa the kwiyongera k'umubare w'impeta nziza.
41. Ubwoko bwa hydrogène ikora hamwe na NCO ikora
Igisubizo: Aliphatic NH2> Itsinda rya Aromatic Bozui OH> Amazi> Secondary OH> Phenol OH> Carboxyl group> Urea yasimbuwe> Amido> Carbamate. .
42. Ingaruka ziterwa na hydroxyl kumikorere yazo na isocyanates
Igisubizo: Imyitwarire ya hydrogène ikora (ROH cyangwa RNH2) ifitanye isano nimiterere ya R, mugihe R ari itsinda rikuramo electron (electronegativite nkeya), biragoye kohereza atome ya hydrogène, hamwe nigisubizo kiri hagati ya hydrogène ikora kandi NCO iragoye; Niba R ari insimburangingo itanga electron, reaction ya hydrogène ikora hamwe na NCO irashobora kunozwa.
43. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gukoresha isocyanate reaction n'amazi
Igisubizo: Nibimwe mubikorwa byibanze mugutegura polyurethane ifuro. Imyitwarire hagati yabo ibanza kubyara aside irike idahwitse, hanyuma igacika muri CO2 na amine, kandi niba isocyanate irenze, amine yavuyemo ikora hamwe na isocyanate kugirango ikore urea.
44. Mugutegura elastomers ya polyurethane, amazi ya polymer polyole agomba kugenzurwa cyane
Igisubizo: Nta bubyimba busabwa muri elastomers, coatings na fibre, kubwibyo amazi arimo mubikoresho fatizo agomba kugenzurwa cyane, mubisanzwe munsi ya 0.05%.
45. Itandukaniro mubikorwa bya catalitiki ya amine na tin catalizaires kuri reaction ya isocyanate
Igisubizo: Tertiary amine catalizator ifite catalitike ikora neza kugirango isocyanate ikoreshwe namazi, mugihe catisale ya tin ifite catalitike ikora neza kugirango reaction ya isocyanate hamwe nitsinda rya hydroxyl.
46. Kuki polyurethane resin ishobora gufatwa nka polymer yo guhagarika, kandi ni ibihe bintu biranga imiterere y'urunigi?
Igisubizo: Kuberako igice cyurunigi rwa polyurethane resin igizwe nibice bikomeye kandi byoroshye, igice gikomeye kivuga igice cyurunigi cyatewe nigisubizo cya isocyanate, kwagura urunigi no guhuza kumurongo munini wa molekile ya polyurethane, kandi ayo matsinda afite ubumwe bunini. ingufu, ingano nini nini hamwe no gukomera. Igice cyoroheje cyerekeza kuri karubone-karubone nyamukuru yumunyururu polymer polyol, ifite ihinduka ryiza kandi ni igice cyoroshye mumurongo nyamukuru wa polyurethane.
47. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka kumiterere yibikoresho bya polyurethane?
Igisubizo: Ingufu zo guhuriza hamwe mumatsinda, guhuza hydrogene, kristu, kuringaniza, uburemere bwa molekile, igice gikomeye, igice cyoroshye.
48. Nibihe bikoresho bibisi nibice byoroshye kandi bikomeye kumurongo wingenzi wibikoresho bya polyurethane
Igisubizo: Igice cyoroshye kigizwe na oligomer polyol (polyester, polyether diol, nibindi), naho igice gikomeye kigizwe na polyisocyanates cyangwa guhuza kwayo kwagura urunigi ruto.
49. Nigute ibice byoroheje nibice bikomeye bigira ingaruka kumiterere yibikoresho bya polyurethane?
Igisubizo. polyester diol; Niba igice cyoroshye ari polyether, imbaraga za polyurethane ziragabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwuburemere bwa molekile ya polyether diol, ariko kurambura biriyongera. . Muri rusange, kristalisitiya ni ingirakamaro mu kunoza imikorere y’ibicuruzwa bya polyurethane, ariko rimwe na rimwe korohereza ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe buke bw’ibikoresho, kandi polymer ya kristaline ikunze kuba idahwitse.
Igice gikomeye: Igice cyumunyururu gikunze kugira ingaruka kubushyuhe no gushonga hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa polymer. Polyurethanes yateguwe na isocyanates ya aromatic irimo impeta nziza cyane, bityo imbaraga za polymer mugice gikomeye zikiyongera, kandi imbaraga zibintu muri rusange ni nini kuruta izitwa alifatique isocyanate polyurethanes, ariko kurwanya kwangirika kwa ultraviolet ni bibi, kandi biroroshye kumuhondo. Alifatique polyurethanes ntabwo ari umuhondo.
50. Ibyiciro bya polyurethane
Igisubizo: .
51. Ibisubizo byibanze mugutegura ifuro
Igisubizo: Ryerekeza ku myitwarire ya -NCO hamwe na -OH, -NH2 na H2O, kandi iyo ikoresheje polyole, "gel reaction" muburyo bwo kubira ifuro muri rusange yerekeza kumyuka ya karbamate. Kuberako ibikoresho bibisi bifuro bifashisha ibikoresho byinshi bibisi, imiyoboro ihuza imiyoboro iraboneka, ituma sisitemu ifuro ifata vuba.
Imyifatire ifata iboneka muri sisitemu yo kubira hamwe n'amazi. Ibyo bita "reaction reaction" muri rusange bivuga reaction y'amazi na isocyanate kubyara urea isimbuwe no kurekura CO2.
52. Uburyo bwa nucleaux yububiko
Ibikoresho fatizo bifata mumazi cyangwa biterwa nubushyuhe buterwa nigisubizo cyo kubyara ibintu bya gaze no guhinduranya gaze. Hamwe niterambere ryimyitwarire no gutanga umusaruro mwinshi wubushyuhe bwa reaction, ubwinshi bwibintu bya gaze na volatilisation byiyongereye ubudahwema. Iyo imyuka ya gaze yiyongereye kurenza ubwuzure, igituba gihoraho gitangira kuboneka mugice cyigisubizo kikazamuka.
Uruhare rwa stabilisateur ifuro mugutegura ifuro rya polyurethane
Igisubizo: Ifite emulisifike, kuburyo ubwuzuzanye hagati yibigize ibintu bifuro byongerewe imbaraga; Nyuma yo kongeramo surfactant ya silicone, kubera ko igabanya cyane uburemere bwubuso γ bwamazi, ingufu zubusa zisabwa kugirango ikwirakwizwa rya gaze ziragabanuka, kuburyo umwuka ukwirakwizwa mubikoresho fatizo ushobora guhinduka cyane mugihe cyo kuvanga, ibyo Kugira uruhare mu kubyara utubuto duto kandi tunoza ituze rya ifuro.
54. Uburyo butajegajega bwifuro
Igisubizo: Kwiyongera kwa surfactants ikwiye bifasha muburyo bwiza bwo gutatanya neza.
55. Uburyo bwo gushiraho ifuro ya selile ifunguye kandi ifunze ingirabuzimafatizo
Igisubizo. n'umuvuduko ukabije wa gazi, firime ya bubble irakururwa, kandi gaze irahunga iturika, ikora ifuro-ngirabuzimafatizo.
Uburyo bwo gufunga ingirabuzimafatizo zifunze: Kuburyo bukomeye bwa bubble, kubera reaction ya polyether polyol hamwe nuburemere bwimikorere myinshi nuburemere buke bwa molekile hamwe na polyisocyanate, umuvuduko wa gel urihuta cyane, kandi gaze mubituba ntishobora kumena urukuta rwinshi. , bityo bikora ifunga-selile ifuro.
56
Igisubizo.
Ibikoresho bivura imiti: Ibikoresho bivura imiti nibintu bivanze nubushyuhe, birekura imyuka nka karuboni ya dioxyde na azote kandi bigakora imyenge myiza mubigize polymer.
57. Uburyo bwo gutegura ifuro ryoroshye polyurethane
Igisubizo: Uburyo bumwe bwintambwe nuburyo bwa prepolymer
Uburyo bwa prepolymer: ni ukuvuga polyether polyol hamwe na TDI irenze urugero ikorwa muri prepolymer irimo itsinda rya NCO kubuntu, hanyuma ikavangwa namazi, catalizator, stabilisateur, nibindi, kugirango ikore ifuro. Uburyo bumwe: Uburyo butandukanye bwibikoresho bivangwa bivanze mumutwe bivanze no kubara, kandi intambwe ikozwe nifuro, ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bikomeza.
58. Ibiranga gutambuka gutambitse hamwe no guhindagurika
Uburyo buringaniye bwicyapa: burangwa no gukoresha impapuro zo hejuru hamwe nisahani yo hejuru. Uburyo bwuzuye bwa groove: burangwa no gukoresha igikuba cyuzuye hamwe na plaque ya convoyeur.
Ibiranga ifuro rifatika: urashobora gukoresha urujya n'uruza kugirango ubone igice kinini cyambukiranya igice cyahagaritswe, kandi mubisanzwe ukoresha imashini itambitse ya horizontal kugirango ubone igice kimwe cyahagaritswe, urwego rutemba ruri hejuru ya 3 kugeza kuri 5 kurenza vertical ifuro; Kubera igice kinini cyambukiranya ifuro, nta ruhu rwo hejuru no hepfo, kandi uruhu rwuruhande narwo ruto, bityo igihombo cyo kugabanya kiragabanuka cyane. Ibikoresho bitwikiriye agace gato, uburebure bwigihingwa bugera kuri 12 ~ 13m, kandi ikiguzi cyishoramari cyuruganda nibikoresho kiri munsi yicy'ibikorwa byo gutambuka gutambitse; Biroroshye gusimbuza icyuma nicyitegererezo cyo kubyara umubiri wa silindrike cyangwa urukiramende, cyane cyane fagitire ya furo yo kuzenguruka.
59. Ingingo zifatizo zo gutoranya ibikoresho fatizo byo gutegura ifuro ryoroshye
Igisubizo: Polyol: polyeri polyol kubisanzwe bifata ifuro, uburemere bwa molekile muri rusange ni 3000 ~ 4000, cyane cyane triol. Polyether triol ifite uburemere bwa molekile ya 4500 ~ 6000 ikoreshwa mugukomera kwinshi. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwibiro bya molekile, imbaraga zingana, kuramba no kwihanganira ifuro biriyongera. Imyitwarire ya polyeter isa nayo yagabanutse. Hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwibikorwa bya polyether, reaction irihuta cyane, urwego rwo guhuza polyurethane rwiyongera, gukomera kwifuro kwiyongera, no kuramba kugabanuka. Isocyanate: Ibikoresho fatizo bya isocyanate ya polyurethane yoroshye yo gufunga ifuro ahanini ni toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Igikorwa gito ugereranije cya TDI-65 gikoreshwa gusa kuri polyester polyurethane ifuro cyangwa ifuro idasanzwe ya polyether. Catalizator: Inyungu za catalitike yubwinshi bworoshye ifuro ifuro irashobora kugabanywa mubice bibiri: kimwe ni ibinyabuzima bigize organometallic, caprylate stannous niyo ikoreshwa cyane; Ubundi bwoko ni amine ya kaminuza, bikunze gukoreshwa nka dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Stabilisateur ya Foam: Muri polyester polyurethane bulk ifuro, hakoreshwa cyane cyane ibintu bitari silikoni, kandi muri polyether bulk ifuro, organosilica-oxyde olefin copolymer ikoreshwa cyane. Umukozi wo kubira ifuro: Muri rusange, amazi yonyine niyo akoreshwa nkibibyimba iyo ubucucike bwa polyurethane bworoshye bubi burenze kg 21 kuri metero kibe; Ibikoresho bitetse cyane nka methylene chloride (MC) bikoreshwa nkibikoresho bifasha gusa muburyo buke.
60. Ingaruka yimiterere yibidukikije kumiterere yumubiri wa furo
Igisubizo: Ingaruka yubushyuhe: reaction ifuro ya polyurethane yihuta uko ubushyuhe bwibintu buzamutse, bizatera ibyago byo gutwika umuriro n’umuriro muburyo bworoshye. Ingaruka yubushuhe bwikirere: Hamwe nubwiyongere bwubushuhe, bitewe nigikorwa cyitsinda rya isocyanate mumifuro hamwe namazi yo mu kirere, ubukana bwifuro buragabanuka kandi kuramba biriyongera. Imbaraga zingutu zifuro ziyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwitsinda rya urea. Ingaruka z'umuvuduko w'ikirere: Kuri formula imwe, iyo ifuro ifashe ahantu hirengeye, ubucucike buragabanuka cyane.
61. Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati ya sisitemu yibikoresho ikoreshwa kubukonje bukonje bworoshye hamwe nifuro ishyushye
Igisubizo: Ibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mugukonjesha gukonje bifite reaction nyinshi, kandi ntihakenewe gushyuha hanze mugihe cyo gukira, ukurikije ubushyuhe butangwa na sisitemu, reaction yo gukira irashobora kurangira ahanini mugihe gito, kandi ifu irashobora kurekurwa mu minota mike nyuma yo guterwa ibikoresho bibisi. Ibikoresho fatizo byongera imbaraga zo gukiza ibibyimba bishyushye ni bike, kandi imvange ya reaction igomba gushyukwa hamwe nurupapuro nyuma yo kubira ifuro, kandi ibicuruzwa byifuro birashobora kurekurwa nyuma yo gukura byuzuye mumuyoboro.
62. Ni ibihe bintu biranga ifuro yoroshye ikonje ugereranije nifuro ishyushye
Igisubizo: process Uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro ntibusaba ubushyuhe bwo hanze, burashobora kubika ubushyuhe bwinshi; Eff coefficient ya sag sag (igipimo cyo kugwa), imikorere myiza ihumuriza; Rate Igipimo kinini cyo kwisubiraho; Am Ifuro idafite flame retardant nayo ifite ibintu bimwe na bimwe birinda flame; Cycle Umusaruro mugufi, urashobora kuzigama, kubika ikiguzi.
63. Ibiranga no gukoresha ibintu byoroshye kandi byoroshye
Igisubizo: Ibiranga ibibyimba byoroshye: Imiterere ya selile ya polyurethane yoroshye yoroheje irakinguye. Mubisanzwe, ifite ubucucike buke, gukira neza kwa elastique, kwinjiza amajwi, guhumeka ikirere, kubika ubushyuhe nibindi bintu. Imikoreshereze: Ahanini ikoreshwa mubikoresho byo mu nzu, ibikoresho byo kuryamaho, ibikoresho byo kuntebe yimodoka, ibikoresho bitandukanye byoroshye padding yamashanyarazi, ibikoresho byinganda nimbonezamubano byoroheje nabyo bikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kuyungurura, ibikoresho byerekana amajwi, ibikoresho bitangiza, ibikoresho byo gushushanya, ibikoresho byo gupakira n'ibikoresho byo kubika ubushyuhe.
Ibiranga ifuro rikomeye: polyurethane ifuro ifite uburemere bworoshye, imbaraga zidasanzwe kandi zihamye; Imikorere yumuriro wa polyurethane rigid ifuro irarenze. Imbaraga zikomeye zifatika; Imikorere myiza yo gusaza, ubuzima bwa adiabatic igihe kirekire; Uruvangitirane ruvanze rufite amazi meza kandi rushobora kuzuza umwobo cyangwa umwanya wuburyo bugoye. Ibikoresho fatizo byumusemburo wa polyurethane ufite ifuro ryinshi bifite reaction nyinshi, birashobora gukira byihuse, kandi birashobora kugera kumikorere myiza no kubyara umusaruro mwinshi muruganda.
Imikoreshereze: Ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika firigo, firigo, ibikoresho bikonjesha, kubika imbeho, umuyoboro wamavuta hamwe n’amazi ashyushye, kubika urukuta no kubika ibisenge, ikibaho cya sandwich, nibindi.
64. Ingingo zingenzi zubushakashatsi bukomeye
Igisubizo: Polyol: polyole polyole ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gukora ifuro ryinshi muri rusange ni ingufu nyinshi, agaciro ka hydroxyl (uburemere buke bwa molekile) polypropilene oxyde polyol; Isocyanate: Kugeza ubu, isocyanate ikoreshwa mu bubyimba bukomeye ni polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (ubusanzwe izwi ku izina rya PAPI), ni ukuvuga MDI itavanze na MDI ya polymerized; Ibikoresho byo kuvuza: (1) Umukozi uhuha CFC (2) HCFC na HFC uhuha (3) pentane uhuha (4) amazi; Stabilisateur ya Foam: stabilisateur ya furo ikoreshwa mugutegura polyurethane igoye cyane muri rusange ni polymer ya polydimethylsiloxane na polyoxolefin. Kugeza ubu, stabilisateur nyinshi ni ubwoko bwa Si-C; Catalizator: Cataliste yo gukomera kwinshi ni amine ya gatatu, kandi catalizator ya organotine irashobora gukoreshwa mubihe bidasanzwe; Ibindi byongeweho: Ukurikije ibisabwa nibikenerwa muburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha ibicuruzwa byinshi bya polyurethane, ibyuma bifata umuriro, imiti ifungura, imiti yangiza umwotsi, imiti igabanya ubukana, imiti igabanya ubukana, imiti igabanya ubukana nibindi byongerwaho bishobora kwongerwa kuri formula.
65. Ihame ryo gutegura impu zose
Igisubizo: uruhu rwuzuye rwuruhu (ISF), ruzwi kandi kwizina ryuruhu rwinshi (kwifata uruhu rwinshi), ni ifuro rya plastike ritanga uruhu rwarwo rwinshi mugihe cyo gukora.
66. Ibiranga no gukoresha polyurethane microporous elastomers
Igisubizo: Ibiranga: polyurethane elastomer ni polimeri yo guhagarika, muri rusange igizwe na oligomer polyol yoroheje yumunyururu muremure woroshye igice, diisocyanate hamwe nu mugozi wagutse kugirango ugire igice gikomeye, igice gikomeye hamwe nigice cyoroheje gisimburana, kigizwe nigice gisubiramo. Usibye kubamo amatsinda ya ester ya ammonia, polyurethane irashobora gukora hydrogène ihuza imbere na hagati ya molekile, kandi ibice byoroshye kandi bikomeye birashobora gukora uturere twa microphase kandi bikabyara microphase.
67. Ni ibihe bintu nyamukuru biranga imikorere ya polyurethane elastomers
Igisubizo: Ibiranga imikorere: 1, imbaraga nyinshi hamwe na elastique, birashobora kuba mubice byinshi bikomeye (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) kugirango bikomeze byoroshye; Mubisanzwe, ubukene buke busabwa burashobora kugerwaho nta plastiseri, ntakibazo rero cyatewe no kwimuka kwa plastike; 2, munsi yubukomezi bumwe, ubushobozi bwo gutwara burenze ubundi elastomers; 3, kwihanganira kwambara neza, kwihanganira kwambara gukubye inshuro 2 kugeza ku 10 za reberi karemano; 4. Amavuta meza cyane yo kurwanya imiti; Aromatic polyurethane irwanya imirasire; Kurwanya ogisijeni nziza no kurwanya ozone; 5, kurwanya ingaruka nyinshi, kurwanya umunaniro mwiza no kurwanya ihungabana, bikwiranye na progaramu ya flexure yumurongo mwinshi; 6, ubushyuhe buke ni bwiza; 7, polyurethane isanzwe ntishobora gukoreshwa hejuru ya 100 but, ariko gukoresha formula idasanzwe irashobora kwihanganira 140 ℃ ubushyuhe bwo hejuru; 8, kubumba no gutunganya ibiciro biri hasi.
68. Polyurethane elastomers yashyizwe mubikorwa ukurikije polyol, isocyanates, inzira yo gukora, nibindi
Igisubizo. 2. Ukurikije itandukaniro rya diisocyanate, irashobora kugabanywa muri elastomers ya alifatique na aromatic, hanyuma igabanywa mubwoko bwa TDI, ubwoko bwa MDI, ubwoko bwa IPDI, ubwoko bwa NDI nubundi bwoko; Kuva mubikorwa byo gukora, elastomers ya polyurethane isanzwe igabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu: ubwoko bwa casting (CPU), thermoplastique (TPU) nubwoko buvanga (MPU).
69. Ni ibihe bintu bigira ingaruka kumiterere ya elastomers ya polyurethane ukurikije imiterere ya molekile?
Igisubizo: Duhereye ku miterere ya molekuline, polyurethane elastomer ni polimeri ihagarika, muri rusange igizwe na oligomer polyol yoroheje ihinduranya urunigi rworoshye, diisocyanate hamwe nu mugozi wagutse kugirango igire igice gikomeye, igice gikomeye hamwe nigice cyoroshye gisimburana, bikora inshuro nyinshi. urwego rwimiterere. Usibye kubamo amatsinda ya ester ya ammonia, polyurethane irashobora gukora hydrogène ihuza imbere na hagati ya molekile, kandi ibice byoroshye kandi bikomeye birashobora gukora uturere twa microphase kandi bikabyara microphase. Ibiranga imiterere bituma elastomers ya polyurethane ifite imbaraga zo kwihanganira kwambara no gukomera, bizwi nka "reberi idashobora kwihanganira".
70. Itandukaniro ryimikorere hagati yubwoko busanzwe bwa polyester na polytetrahydrofuran ether ubwoko bwa elastomers
Igisubizo.
Elastomer yateguwe na polyether polyol ifite hydrolysis ihamye, irwanya ikirere, ihindagurika ryubushyuhe buke hamwe nuburwanya. Inkomoko y'ingingo / Kwiga Polymer Ubushakashatsi
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-17-2024